Spatial memory snaps to a layout's intrinsic axis

Correct: B — A specific intrinsic axis aligned with the layout itself, even when not the original learning view

Mou and McNamara (2002) argued that spatial memory is structured around intrinsic frames of reference — axes defined by the layout (for example, the long axis of a rectangular configuration) — rather than by the learner's viewpoint or by allocentric north–south coordinates. Judgments of object directions were faster and more accurate when participants imagined standing aligned with the intrinsic axis, even if that orientation differed from the one they had physically occupied during learning. The framework reframed earlier 'orientation-dependence' findings: memory is view-dependent, but the dependence is on a layout-anchored axis, not on the body axis at study.