Belief bias mixes biased reasoning with biased response selection

Correct: B — Two distinct components — biased reasoning (logic-by-belief interaction) and biased response selection (acceptance threshold shifts) — that both contribute

Klauer, Musch & Naumer (2000) applied multinomial processing-tree modeling to large syllogism datasets and decomposed the belief-bias effect into two latent processes: (1) a tendency for beliefs to bias the reasoning process itself — people scrutinize unbelievable conclusions more carefully than believable ones — and (2) a response-bias component, in which the threshold for endorsing a conclusion shifts toward accepting believable claims regardless of validity. Both components contribute, and their relative size depends on instructions, time pressure, and conclusion plausibility. The dual-component picture has framed subsequent dual-process accounts of analytical reasoning.