Processing mode, not consciousness, separates memory systems

Correct: B — How information is encoded — rapid one-trial encoding of associations vs. slow incremental tuning of single items vs. flexible relational encoding

Henke (2010) reviewed evidence that the long-standing 'declarative vs. non-declarative' (consciousness-based) split mislabels several phenomena: rapid associative learning can occur without awareness, and procedural skills sometimes engage explicit recall. She argued for a process-based taxonomy organized around encoding mode: rapid one-trial encoding of arbitrary associations (relies on hippocampus), slow incremental tuning of single items (basal ganglia, neocortex), and flexible relational encoding (hippocampus plus neocortex). The reframing better accommodates implicit-relational findings and aligns memory boundaries with neural mechanisms rather than subjective awareness.